June 28, 2023

On June 11, during an Irish Ryanair flight, Bologna-Tel-Aviv, a stewardess repeatedly referred over the PA system to their destination as “Palestine.”

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Of course, some Israelis on board did not like that and confronted her. Harsh words were exchanged, and Ryanair’s official, disgustingly dishonest apology—”It was an innocent mistake”—was characteristic of a people with the most antisemitic national assembly in the West.

The first gentile ever to call this land “Palestine” was the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who invented the idea. There had never been such a country with that name until then. For two centuries, Rome’s imperialists governed Eretz Yisrael as a colony and called it Judea. The Jews twice rose in violent rebellion; they had been the most obstreperous of the empire’s conquered peoples.

Indeed, many of the obscure empires that Rome had overrun were happy to be absorbed into the greatest power of the day. But not the Jews. They respected the Romans for their culture’s prowess in the arts, literature, and engineering, especially engineering. Jews built Roman roads, amphitheaters, sports stadiums, and homes with indoor plumbing.

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But when it came to Rome’s idea of entertainment—men fighting to the death, men being torn to pieces by animals—and their wanton sexuality, the Jews looked down on the Romans and their polytheistic, idolatrous pantheon of cruel, imaginary gods.

The Jews lost their first war with Rome. That war ended in the year 69 C.E. with the destruction of the Second Temple, a victory so important to Rome that there stands to this day the triumphal Arch of Titus right next to the Coliseum, boastfully depicting the looting of the Menorah from the Temple. How many of the peoples that resisted Rome and were defeated merited such a grand memorial? It is a monument as well, inadvertently, to the great fight the Jews had put up.

Image: The remains of the Second Temple by DGtal. CC BY-SA 4.0.

A half-century later, having recovered sufficiently, the Jews mounted another military bid for freedom and got clobbered again. For the trouble and expense of this second war, which ended in the year 135, including the loss of valuable trained soldiers, an angry Emperor Hadrian swore that not only would he finish off these rebels in their country, but even the remembrance of them.

Hadrian said no more would Rome call the land Judea. Instead, wit would be named after a people the Jews had defeated centuries in the past, the Philistines. Hadrian declared the new name to be Palaestina and renamed its capital Aelia Capitolina after his family name and the Triune Capitoline gods in Rome: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, who had their own temple on Rome’s Capitoline Hill.

For the next five hundred years, Aelia and Palaestina were used. In the seventh century, when the Muslims invaded and asked the name of the town, they were told “Aelia,” so for the next set of five centuries, the Arab Muslims called it Aelia too.

(Jerusalem is completely absent from the Koran, and for centuries it had little meaning to Muslims, given that all the important action in the Koran takes place in the Arabian Peninsula.)